I.  Europa.  614  35.  Großbritannien  und  Irland.

“The  Protectorates’,  writes  that  classic  author  onBritish  Colonies  H.  E.  Egerton!,  “like  the
colonies,  are  in  different  stages.  Some  are  under  the  Colonial  Office,  others,  such  as  British
East  Africa,  Uganda  and  British  Central  Africa,  under  the  Foreign  Office.  In  some,  such  as
Nigeria  and  British  East  Africa,  chartered  companies  have  done  their  work.  In  others,  such
as  North  Borneo,  they  are  still  at  work;  and  in  some  cases  a  British  Protectorate  shades  off  into
the  more  indefinite  ‘sphere  of  British  influence’.  The  sphere  of  influence  “would  seem  to  mean
an  area  wherein  foreign  powers  undertake  not  to  attempt  to  acquire  influence  or  territory  by
treaty  or  annexation’”?.

Threa  protectorates  (the  Gambia,  Sierra  Leone  and  Southern  Nigeria)  are  administered
respectively  by  the  governmente  of  the  colonies  of  the  same  name.  They  are  in  fact,  the  hinterlands
  of  their  several  colonies.

Dependent  States,  Spheres  of  Influence  and  ““Interest’’,  Chartered  Companies,  and  Leased
Territories  cannot  be  treated  in  articles  of  such  limited  scope  as  these  perforce  must  be.  ‘It  would
seem  that  the  relation  of  Egypt  to  this  country  (Great  Britain)  is  that  of  an  ill-defined  and  a  vowediy
  temporary  protectorate”’  (Anson).  This  of  course  is  purely  the  legal-constitutional  point
of  view.  See  Lord  Cromer’s  “Modern  Egypt’,  Lond.  1907.

The  Crown  Colonies  have  agents  ın  London  who  are  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  State
for  the  Colonies,  and  who  act  as  commercial  and  financial  agents  in  England  for  all  the  Colonial
Governments  which  do  not  possess  an  Agent-General.  The  self-governing  Colonies  cannot  avail
themselves  of  the  services  of  the  Crown  Agents  and  have  their  own  Agents  in  London.

(e.)  The  Sell-Governing  Colonies

will  be  found  under  their  respective  names.

Ci.  Clark  ’s  “Colonial  Law;’  Burge’sColonial  and  Foreign  „Law;  Sir  G.Cornewall
Lewis,  “An  Essay  on  the  Government  of  Dependenciee’  ;  *‘Colonial  Government”  by
P.S.Reinsch;  A.  Ireland,  “Tropical  Colonization’”’;  ‘The  administration  of  the  Colonies’,
Ab  T.  Pownall,  and  “The  Administration  of  Dependencies”’  by  A.H.Snow;  F.T.Piggot:
“The  Imperial  Statutes  applicable  to  tlıe  Colonies’”,  vol.  I,  Statutes  of  General  Application;
vol.  H  Statutes  of  Special  Application.

India  holds  amongst  British  Colonies  an  isolated  position.  She  is  a  separate  colony,  independent
  of  the  Colonial  Office,  her  affsirs  are  conducted  from  the  India  Office  in  London,  at
whose  head  is  a  Principal  Secretary  of  State  for  India  assistod  by  120  officials.  Besides  the  Secretary
  for  India  there  is  an  Indian  Council  consisting  of  10  to  15  members,  9  of  whom  must  have
served  or  resided  in  India  not  less  than  10  years.  They  are  not  appointed  by  the  King,  but  by
the  Secretary  for  India  himself?.

Prior  to  1858  Indian  affairs  were  conducted  by  the  East  India  Company,  under  the  supervision
  of  a  Government  Board  of  Control,  whose  president  was  responsible  for  Indian  affairs  in
Parliament.  On  the  transfer  of  India  to  the  Crown  in  1858  a  Secretary  of  State,  assisted  by  a
Council,  was  entrusted  with  the  administrative  duties  formerly  discharged  by  the  Company
and  Board.

The  local  government  of  India  is  vested  in  the  Governor-General®  in  Council,  and  is  constituted
  on  the  lines  of  a  Crown  Colony.  The  Governor-General’s  Council  consists  of  five  members
appointed  like  himself  for  five  years,  though  the  term  can  be  prolonged.

Indie  is  divided  into  thirteen  provinces,  including  two  Presidencies,  i.  e.  Madras  and  Bombay,
these  are  governed  by  five  Lieutenant-Governors  and  six  Chief-Commissioners®.

All  acts  of  the  Supreme  Government  in  India  run  in  the  name  of  the  ““Governor-General
in  Council”.  The  business  of  India  is  conducted  by  ten  departments:  Finance,  Foreign,  Home,

ı  H.E.  Egerton,  “The  Origin  and  Growth  of  the  English  Colonies‘‘;  Oxford  1904,  p.  177.
®  Anson,  “Laws  and  Customs“,  vol.  II,  P.  II,  p.  94.

®  Vide  21  and  22  Vict.  c.  106,  $  10;  32  and  33  Vict.  c.  97  8  1;  39  Vict.  c.  7,  $  1.

*  Appointed  by  the  Emperor  on  the  advice  of  the  Secretary  of  State  for  India.

5  Vide  Ilbert,  “Government  of  India‘,  2nd.  ed.,  1907.