I.  Europa.  618  35.  Großbritannien  und  Irland.

The  National  Expenditure!  is  divided  under  two  heads.  (a)  The  Consolidated  Fund
Service,  (b)  Supply  Services.

(a)  1907—1908
£

The  National  Debt?  .  .  2.  2.  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2.0.  29,500,000
Civil  List?  .  oo  0  0  0  0  0  ee  er  er  le.  470,000
Annuities  to  the  Royal  Family®  .  .  .  ....  106,000
Annuities  and  Pensions  .  .  .  »  2:  2  2  2  2.  2...  178,379
Salaries  and  Allowancs  .  .  .  2  ver...  %  77,764
Courts  of  Justice  .  2.  2  2  2  2  2  2  ee...  ..  615,531
Miscellaneous  Service  .  .»  2»  2:  2  2  22.2000.  624,040
Payments  to  Local  Taxation  Accounts  .  .  .  .  .  .  11,155,380
42,627,094

(b)
Navy  .  2  2  2  2  0  0  re  er  rn.  31,141,000
Army  .  2.2  2  0  0  0  ne.  27,115,000
Miscellaneous  Civil  Services  .  -  «  2  2  2  2...  «   30,180,000
Customs  and  Inland  Revenue  Departments  .  .  .  .   3,222,000
Post  Office.  .  .  ....  x.  ER  17,527,000
109,185,000

Total  Expenditure  £  151,812,094
The  Army  and  Navy.

(1)  Army.  ‘The  Land  and  Sea  Forces  of  the  Crown  are  recruited  by  voluntary  enlistment;
conscription  has  no  place  in  our  military  or  naval  system’’®.  The  Sovereign  is  the  head  of  the
Army  and  Navy;  the  chief  constitutional  adviser  of  the  Crown  being  the  Secretary  of  State  for
War,  who  is  responsible  to  Parliament  for  the  efficiency  of  the  Military  and  Naval  Forces  of  the
Realm  and  the  proper  expenditure  of  the  money  annually  voted  by  Parliament  for  their  maintenance®.
  It  hasbeen  judged  necessary  for  thesafety  of  the  kingdom,  the  defence  of  the  possessions
of  the  Crown  of  Great  Britain,  and  the  preservation  of  the  balance  of  power  in  Europe,  to  maintein
even  in  time  of  peace  a  standing  body  of  troops,  under  the  command  of  the  crown;  who  are.
however  ipso  facto  disbanded  at  the  expiration  of  every  year,  unless  continued  by  parliament'””.

In  the  times  of  the  Saxons  the  military  forces  were  in  the  hands  of  the  heretochs  (dukes).
It  was  their  duty  to  lead  and  regulate  the  armies,  with  an  unlimited  power;  “'prout  eis  visum
fuerit  ad  honorem  coronae  et  utilitatem  regni”®.

King  Alfred  (871—901)  first  created  a  national  militia..  With  the  Norman  conquest  (1066)
the  feudal  levy  was  introduced.  The  King  could  raise  this  force  by  calling  on  tenants  in  chivalry
to  discharge  the  obligations  of  their  tenure,  which  seems  according  to  Blackstone?  to  have  been
&amp;  service  of  40  days  in  theyear!®.  In  1159  this  service  was  commuted,  for  a  payment  of  two  marks

Bock  ı  Mir  “Whitaker‘s  Almanack”  (1909);  “Daily  Mail  Year  Book’  (1909);  ‘‘Statesman’s  Year
ok’  1909.

2  Blackstone’s  Commentaries,  vol.  I  328,  vol.  IV  440;  Stephen’s  Commentaries
11,  574/5,  IV,  518  Anson,  vol.  Il,  Part.  II,  p.  152  and  note.

&gt;  See  Blackstone,1I  332,  IV  440;  Stephen  II  516,  579;  Anson  vol.  U,  Part.  II
134,  143,  161,  163  —66.

%  See  Stephen,  II,  450,  note.

s  Anson:  “Law  and  Custom  of  the  Constitution’,  1908,  vol.  II,  Part.  II,  p.  167.

®  Vide  The  Army  Book  of  the  British  Empire,  1st  Ed.  1893.

”  Blackstone:  “Commentaries  on  the  Laws  of  England”,  15th  ed.  1809;  vol.  I  p.  431.

“The  Army  Book  of  the  British  Empire’.

°  Cf.  Stephen’s  Commentaries  on  the  Laws  of  England,  1874,  vol.  II,  p.  582  et  seq.

„  Comm.  Il.  75.  Dr.  Stubbes  (Const.  Hist.  II.  279)  states  that  the  limits  of  the  feudal
obligations  are  indistinct.

Stephen  assumes  this  force  to  have  been  60,000  (Comm.  U.  584).