I.  Europa.  619  35.  Großbritannien  und  Irland.

on  the  knight‘s  fee  this  continued  till  end  of  14th;  century.  1661  saw  thio  abolition  military  tenures
(12  Char.  II,  c.  24).

According  to  the  Assize  of  Arms  (27  Hen.II)  and  tlıe  Statute  of  Winches  ter  (13  Edw.  1,  c.6)
every  man  had  (according  to  his  degrce)  to  provide  a  determinate  quantity  of  such  arms  as  were
then  in  use.  By  4  and  5  Ph.  and  M.  c.  2  tho  laws  relating  to  the  liability  to  keep  arnıs,  and  serve
were  consolidated,  and  known  as  the  Statutes  of  Armour.  They  were  finally  repealed  by  James  1?.

The  Commonwealth  (1649—1660)  may  be  said  to  divide  the  history  of  English  military
forces  into  two  distinct  periods  (Anson).  Before  this  period  tlıo  liability  to  military  service  was
used  as  a  means  of  collecting  men,  sometimes  under  pressure;  nor  were  these  levies  only  used  to
resist  invasion,  but  for  foreign  war’.  After  this  period  came  the  abolition  of  military  tenures,
and  it  was  thought  proper  to  ascertain  tho  power  of  the  militia,  to  recognize  the  sole  right  of  the
Crown  to  govern  and  command  them,  and  to  put  the  whole  into  a  more  regular  method  of  military
subordination.  The  statutes  13  Car.  II;  13  and  14  Car.  II  and  15  Car.  II  though  repealed  have
had  many  of  their  provisions  and  regulations  re-enacted‘.  When  the  army  of  the  Commonwealth
was  disbanded  the  King  was  permitted  to  retain  guards  for  his  personal  attendance,  and  garrisons
for  the  forts  (vido  Clode,  “Military  Forces  of  the  Crown“  Ch.  I).

The  present  system  is  founded  on  the  General  Militia  Act  (42  Geo.  III.,  c.  90)  the  scheme
of  which  is  to  train,  at  certain  periods  of  the  year,  a  number  of  men,  such  men  being  enlisted  for
a  term  not  exceeding  6  years.  This  act  has  been  suspended  since  1829.  And  as  men  enough  were
always  forthcoming  it  has  not  been  found  necessary  to  put  it  into  force.

The  Declaration  of  Rights  laid  down,  and  the  Bill  of  Rights  enacted  that:
The  maintenance  of  a  standing  army  in  time  of  peace  without  the  consent  of  Parliament
is  contrary  to  law.

That  law  is  still  in  force.  Parliament  grants  annually  the  necessary  sums  required,  and
legalises  its  existence  for  another  year.  This  has  been  done  since  1689,  by  the  annual  Mutiny
Act,  called  since  1881  the  Army  Act.

The  military  forces  of  the  Crown  Consist  of:  (a)  the  Regular  Forces,  (b)  the  Territorial
and  Reserve  Forces.  (8)  is  divided  into:  (aa)  the  Indian  Forces,  (ab)  the  Colonial  Forces,  (ac)  the
British  Forces.

(a8)  consists  mainly  of  natives  of  India®,

(ab)  oonsists  of  $  those  raised  and  mainteined  at  Imperial  Expense,

y  those  raised  and  maintained  by  the  colonies  themselves.

Class  (ß).  West  India  Regiment,  Royal  Malta  Artillery;  Local  battalions  and  companies
of  Artillery;  Local  companies  of  Engineers;  Chinese  Regiment;  West  African  Regiment*.

Class  (,).  Forces  (mostly  militia)  raised  and  maintained  by  the  Self-Governing  Colonies:
Canada’,  Australia®,  Now-Zealand®,  (Cape  Colony’°,)  Natel!!,  (Transvaal??),  (Orange  River  Colony??).

ı  Cf.  Stephens  Commentaries  II,  585.

»  1  Jao.  I,  c.  25,  $  7;  21  Jac.  I,  c.  28,  $  II,  sub  $  14.

®  Anson:  “Law  and  Custom  of  Constitution”,  vol.  II,  Part.  II,  p.  169  et  seq.

‘Stephen’s  Com.  II  586  et  seq.  Cf.  also  Blackstone  I,  412.

8  After  the  Mutiny  it  was  decided  that  the  British  Forces  should  never  fall  below  about
80,000  men.  The  total  number  of  the  Native  Army  in  India  is  (1909)  157,741;  the  Reserve  amounts
to  25,000,  “Journal  of  the  Royal  United  Service  Institution”,  vol.  XLVIII  p.  815.

®  Circa  altogether  7000  men.  BR

?  Permanent  force  ca.  3000;  active  militia  exclusive  of  p.  f.  52,000,  under  Militie  Act  all
males  (with  few  exceptions)  between  18  and  60  are  liable  to  service.

®  Perm.  army  ca.  1500.  militia,  16,000.  .  .
‚.   .„*  Perm.  mil.  300,  Royal  N.  Z.  Engineers  100.  All  males  between  17  and  40  liable  for  service
in  mil.  (certain  exceptions).

1%  Imperial  troops.

1  Mounted  Police,  1000;  mil.  3000.

12  Imperial  troops.

I  Imperial  army.

78°