I.  Europa.  620  35.  Großbritannien  und  Irland.

Forces  raised  by  Self-Governing  Colonies  are  subject  to  Colonial  Law,  except  when  serving
with  the  Regular  Forces.

The  numbers  of  (a)  (The  Regular  Forces)  are  fixed  annually!  (1907/8  255,817  including
aa  and  ab  ß).

In  the  British  Regular  Forces  soldiers  enlist  for  12  years,  or  such  less  period  as  the  King
may  from  time  to  time  determine.

Up  to  1907  the  Reserves,  and  Auxiliary  Forces  were  distinct  bodios.  The  Reserve  Force
consisted  of  men  wlıo  had  served  in  the  regular  army.  The  Auxiliary  Forces  consisted  of  the  (6)
Militia,  tlıo  (e)  Yeomnanry  and  the  (5)  Volunteers.  In  future  the  army  will  be  simply  divided  into
two  parts:  I  the  Regular  Army,  II  the  Territorial  and  Reserve  Force,  into  the  latter  (6)  (e)  and  (£)
are  absorbed  II  need  not  serve  outside  the  United  Kingdom.

Military  Law  is  only  extended  to  purely  military  matters.

The  War  Office.  Like  that  of  nearly  every  institution  in  Great  Britain,  the  early  history
of  the  government  of  the  Army  is  a  hopeless  jumble  and  confusion.  This  is  best  shown  in  Anson’s
words  when  speaking  of  the  administration  of  the  army  before  1855:  “The  soldier  .  .  .  was  fed
by  the  Treasury,  and  armed  by  the  Ordnance  Board,  while  the  Board  of  General  Officers  was
responsible  for  that  pattern  of  his  elothing:  the  Home  Secretary  was  responsible  for  his  movenents
in  his  native  country:  the  Colonial  Secretary  superintendod  his  ınovements  abroad:  the  Secretary
eat  war  took  care  that  he  was  paid,  and  that  the  floggingwhich  was  provided  for  him  by  the  Commander
  in  Chief  was  administered  in  accordance  with  military  law”?,

To  day  the  War  office  council?  as  an  administrative  body  is  a  replica  of  the  Board  of  Admiralty.
  It  now  exercises  the  authority  once  held  by  the  Secretary  of  State  and  Commanderin-Chief.
  As  will  be  seen  from  the  following  the  parallel  between  War  Office  and  Admiralty  is  exact:

War  Office  Admiralty
Secretary  of  State  for  War  First  Lord
First  Military  Member  (Chief  of  the  Staff)  First  Naval  Lord
Second  „  r  (Adjutant-General)  Second  „   »
Third  „  „  (Quarter-master-General)  Third  „  s  (Controller)
Fourth  „  „  (Master  of  Ordnance)  Junior  „  „
Civil  Member  (Parliamentary  Under  Secretary  of  State  Civil  Lord
for  War)  Parliamentary  and  Financial  Secretary
Financial  Secretary  (Finance  Member)  Permanent  Secretary.
Secretary  (Permanent  Under-Secretary  of  State  for  War).
(II)  Navy.

The  navy,  says  Anson*®,  unlike  the  army,  has  never  been  suspected  by  theLegislature.  Its
existence  has  been  taken  for  granted.  The  maintenance  of  its  numbers  by  the  arbitrary  mode
of  impressment  has  never  boen  declared  unlawful.  The  numbers  of  the  naval  force  are  determined
by  the  requirements  of  the  Admiralty,  sanctioned  by  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  and  met
by  vote  of  the  House  of  Commons.

The  sailor  like  the  soldier  enlists  at  first  for  12  years.

In  1408  the  position  of  Lord  High  Admiral  was  created®.  Before  this  time  the  fleet  was
not  a  regular  institution.  It  was  to  the  Cinque  Ports®  that  the  defence  of  the  narrow  seas  were

ı  Exclusive  of  the  numbers  actually  serving  within  His  Majesty’s  Indian  possessions
(Anson  vol.  II,  part.  II,  p.  173).

32  «Law  and  Custom  of  the  Constitution“,  vol.  II,  Part.  II,  p.  190.

®  Created  by  Letters  Patent,  Feb.  6,  1904.

*  Laws  and  Custons  etc.  Vol.  II,  Part.  II,  p.  183.

°  Sir  Thomas  Beaufort  was  the  first  to  hold  this  office.

*  The  five  most  important  havens  in  the  kingdom,  Iying  on  the  coast  towards  France,  viz.
Dover,  Sandwich,  Romney,  Hastings,  and  Hythe;  to  which  Winchelsea  and  Rye  have  since  been
added.  The  18  and  19  Vict.c.  48  (Amended  by  20  and  21  Viet.  c.  1),  abolishes  all  jurisdietion
and  authority  ofthe  LordWarden  of  theCinque  Ports  and  Constable  of  Dover  Castle,  in  or  in  relation
to  tlıe  administration  of  justice  in  actions,  suits,  or  other  civil  proceediugs  at  law  or  in  equity.